Candle Science Trick to Extinguish Fire with Carbon Dioxide

You know you can put out a candle flame by pouring water on it. In this science magic trick or demonstration, the candle will go out when you pour air onto it. Candle Science Magic Trick Materials A lit candleA transparent glass (so people can see what is inside the glass)Baking soda (sodium bicarbonate)Vinegar (weak acetic acid) Set up the Magic Trick In the glass, mix together a little baking soda and vinegar. You want roughly equal amounts of the chemicals, like 2 tablespoons each.Put your hand over the glass to keep the carbon dioxide from mixing too much with the outside air.Youre ready to blow out a candle. If you dont have a candle handy, you can cover the glass with plastic wrap to store the carbon dioxide. How to Blow Out the Candle with Chemistry Simply pour the gas from the glass onto the candle. Try to avoid splashing liquid on the flame, since its not exactly amazing when water puts out a fire. The flame will be extinguished by the invisible gas. Another way to perform this trick is to pour the gas that you just made into an empty glass and then pour the apparently empty glass over the candle flame. How the Candle Trick Works When you mix baking soda and vinegar together, you produce carbon dioxide. The carbon dioxide is heavier than air, so it will sit in the bottom of the glass. When you pour the gas from glass onto the candle, you are pouring out the carbon dioxide, which will sink and displace the (oxygen-containing) air surrounding the candle with carbon dioxide. This suffocates the flame and it goes out. Carbon dioxide gas from other sources works the same way, so you could also perform this candle trick using gas collected from the sublimation of dry ice (solid carbon dioxide). How Blowing Out a Candle Works When you blow out a candle, your breath contains more carbon dioxide than it did when you inhaled the air, but theres still oxygen that can support wax combustion. So, you may be wondering why the flame is extinguished. Its because a candle needs three things to sustain a flame: fuel, oxygen, and heat. The heat overcomes the energy needed for the combustion reaction reaction. If you take it away, the flame cant sustain itself. When you blow on a candle, you force the heat away from the wick. The wax drops below the temperature needed to support combustion and the flame goes out. However, there is still wax vapor around the wick. If you bring a lit match close to a recently extinguished candle, the flame will re-light itself.

Battle of Saylers Creek in the Civil War

The Battle of Saylers Creek (Sailors Creek) was fought April 6, 1865, during the American Civil War (1861 to 1865). Armies Commanders Union Major General Philip H. Sheridanapprox. 16,000 men Confederate Lieutenant General Richard EwellLieutenant General Richard Andersonapprox. 11,500 Background In the wake of the Confederate defeat at Five Forks on April 1, 1865, General Robert E. Lee was driven out of Petersburg by Lieutenant General Ulysses S. Grant. Also forced to abandon Richmond, Lees army began retreating west with the ultimate goal of re-supplying and moving south into North Carolina to join with General Joseph Johnston. Marching through the night of April 2/3 in several columns, the Confederates intended to rendezvous at Amelia Court House where supplies and rations were expected. As Grant was forced to pause to occupy Petersburg and Richmond, Lee was able to put some space between the armies. Arriving at Amelia on April 4, Lee found trains loaded with munitions but none with food. Forced to pause, Lee sent out forage parties, asked the local populace for aid, and ordered food sent east from Danville along the railroad. Having secured Richmond and Petersburg, Grant tasked Major General Philip Sheridan with leading the pursuit of Lee. Moving west, Sheridans Cavalry Corps and attached infantry fought several rearguard actions with the Confederates and rode ahead in an effort to cut the railroad in front of Lee. Learning that Lee was concentrating at Amelia, he began moving his men towards the town. Having lost his lead on Grants men and believing his delay to be fatal, Lee departed Amelia on April 5 despite securing little food for his men. Retreating west along the railroad towards Jetersville, he soon found that Sheridans men had arrived there first. Stunned as this development precluded a direct march to North Carolina, Lee elected not to attack due to the late hour and instead conducted a night march to the north around the Union left with the goal of reaching Farmville where he believed supplies to be waiting. This movement was spotted around dawn and Union troops resumed their pursuit. Setting the Stage Pushing west, the Confederate column was led by Lieutenant General James Longstreets combined First and Third Corps, followed by Lieutenant General Richard Andersons small corps, and then Lieutenant General Richard Ewells Reserve Corps which possessed the armys wagon train. Major General John B. Gordons Second Corps acted as the rear guard. Harassed by Sheridans troopers, they were also closely followed by Major General Andrew Humphreys II Corps and Major General Horatio Wrights VI Corps. As the day progressed a gap opened between Longstreet and Anderson which was exploited by the Union cavalry. Correctly guessing that future attacks were likely, Ewell sent the wagon train along a more northern route west. It was followed by Gordon who was under pressure from Humphreys approaching troops. Crossing Little Saylers Creek, Ewell assumed a defensive position along a ridge west of the creek. Blocked by Sheridans cavalry, which was approaching from the south, Anderson was forced to deploy southwest of Ewell. In a dangerous position, the two Confederate commands were nearly back-to-back. Building up strength opposite Ewell, Sheridan and Wright opened fire with 20 guns around 5:15 PM. The Cavalry Strikes Lacking guns of his own, Ewell was forced to endure this bombardment until Wrights troops started advancing around 6:00 PM. During this time, Major General Wesley Merritt began a series of probing attacks against Andersons position. After several small-scale advances were turned back, Sheridan and Merritt increased the pressure. Advancing with three cavalry divisions armed with Spencer carbines, Merritts men succeeded in engaging Andersons line in close combat and overwhelming his left flank. As Andersons left disintegrated, his line collapsed and his men fled the field. The Hillsman Farm Unaware that his line of retreat was being cut by Merritt, Ewell prepared to engage Wrights advancing VI Corps. Moving forward from their position near the Hillsman Farm, the Union infantry struggled across rain-swollen Little Saylers Creek before reforming and attacking. In the course of the advance, the Union center outdistanced the units on its flanks and took the brunt of the Confederate fire. Wavering, it was driven back by a small Confederate force led by Major Robert Stiles. This pursuit was halted by the Union artillery. Lockett Farm Reforming, VI Corps again advanced and succeeded in overlapping the flanks of Ewells line. In bitter fighting, Wrights troops succeeded in collapsing Ewells line capturing around 3,400 men and routing the rest. Among the prisoners were six Confederate generals including Ewell. As Union troops were achieving victory near the Hillman Farm, Humphreys II Corps closed on Gordon and the Confederate wagon train a few miles north near the Lockett Farm. Assuming a position along the eastern rim of a small valley, Gordon sought to cover the wagons as they crossed the Double Bridges over Saylers Creek at the valley floor. Unable to handle the heavy traffic, the bridges caused a bottleneck leading to the wagons stacking up in the valley. Arriving on the scene, Major General Andrew A.  Humphreys II Corps deployed and began attacking around dusk. Steadily driving Gordons men back, the Union infantry took the ridge and the fighting continued among the wagons. Under heavy pressure and with Union troops working around his left flank, Gordon retreated to the west side of the valley having lost around 1,700 captured and 200 wagons. As dark descended, the fighting petered out and Gordon began retreating west towards High Bridge. Aftermath While Union casualties for the Battle of Saylers Creek numbered around 1,150, the Confederate forces engaged lost around 7,700 killed, wounded, and captured. Effectively the death knell of the Army of Northern Virginia, Confederate losses at Saylers Creek represented approximately a quarter of Lees remaining strength. Riding out from Rices Depot, Lee saw the survivors of Ewells and Andersons corps streaming west and exclaimed, My God, has the army dissolved? Consolidating his men at Farmville early on April 7, Lee was able to partially re-provision his men before being forced out by the early afternoon. Pushed west and eventually cornered at Appomattox Court House, Lee surrendered his army on April 9.

Patriotism Vs Human Rights. Linking Patriotism And Human

Patriotism vs Human Rights Linking patriotism and human rights seems like an odd couple but it should go hand in hand. Patriotism is the love of a nation and human rights is the love of mankind. Bringing them together to show that, no matter your background, having a love for your country and of human beings should be treated the same. Finding a connection between the constitutional patriotism, that gives an understanding of both state and politics, and human rights is hard to connect to unpatriotic patriotism. Constitutional patriotism as Mueller states â€Å"ought to center on the norms, the values and, more indirectly, the procedures of a liberal democratic constitution† (Gordon). When President Ronald Regan set up Proclamation 4898 and†¦show more content†¦As per the United Nations website, Human rights is summed up as the right to be human and all things good about being human should be respected. Examples are to be born free, equal dignity and rights, entitlement to all freedoms to life, liberty, and security of person. The United Nations, a commission made up of fifty-one members in 1945, created a document called The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) just after World War II on December 10, 1948. They vowed to â€Å"never again to allow atrocities like those of that conflict happen again† (â€Å"Universal Declaration of Human Rights | United Nations†). When Vincent says, Politics cannot embrace humanity he is clearly wrong because, if that wer e the case, the one hundred ninety-three states that make up the United Nations today would not exist. To be unpatriotic is to not support your country in any way, shape, or form and everything about your country is questionable. Those who are considered unpatriotic are called Anti-patriotic, who usually consider themselves as owned only by the fatherland. A term used in Vincent’s essay when breaking down how patriotism came about starting with the Romans. An example of this would be West Virginia v. Barnette when just after West Virginia Board of Education mandated that the Pledge of allegiance as a sign of Patriotism. The Supreme Court ruled this to violate the First Amendment rights that statedShow MoreRelatedEssay about America and Post World War II Era: New Left Versus Right2119 Words   |  9 PagesAmerica’s Post-World War II Era: New Left vs. Right The challenge to a variety of political and social issues distinctly characterizes the post World War II (WWII) era, from the mid 1940’s through the 1970’s, in the United States. These issues included African-American civil rights, women’s rights, the threat of Communism, and America’s continuous war effort by entering the Cold War immediately after the end to WWII. 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Cree vs Iroquois free essay sample

The Iroquois Indians were a tribe headed primarily by the females in the group, yet they conquered many lands because of their extremely unified tauter. The Cree Indians were a more nomadic group who had individual bands, each headed by a male chief. Although the Iroquois families were headed by women, they had a political council (handpicked by the women) comprised of 50 male sachems known as peace chiefs, while the Cree had less political organization and conquered lands strictly by being aggressive and warlike.The Iroquois tribes are a relatively small group, while the Cree Indian Nation is one of the largest. Possibly as a result of these great difference in their numbers, the Iroquois participated with the Europeans in lattice issues while the Cree integrated the French into their own society. The original home of the Iroquois Indian was upstate New York, between the Adirondack Mountains and Niagara Falls. They then migrated and conquered lands and gained control over most of the northeastern United States and eastern Canada. In 1 680 their lands extended west from the north shore of Chesapeake Bay through Kentucky to the junction of the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers. The American invasion of their homelands in 1779 sent many of the Iroquois into southern Ontario where they remain to this day, ND today, roughly half of the Iroquois population lives in Canada. The Iroquois are, arguably, the most important native group in our North American history. Their society was primarily matriarchal with the women owing all property.The Iroquois were divided into three clans which were the turtle, bear and wolf, with each clan being headed by a clan mother. When a marriage occurred, the man moved into the womans home, and their children became members of the mothers clan. The Iroquois can be considered the first example of feminist liberty, and in 1914, only six years before the first national election in which women had the vote, the following was published in Exemplar of Liberty. (Six Nations p. 1). Savagery to Civilization We the women of the Iroquois Own the Land, the Lodge the Children Ours is the right to adoption, life or death; Ours is the right to raise up and depose chiefs; Ours is the right to representation in all councils Ours is the right to make and abrogate treaties; Ours is the supervision over domestic and foreign policies; Ours is the trusteeship of tribal property; Our lives are valued again as high as a mans. (Six Nations p. 2). The Iroquois depended largely on agriculture for their basic diet. Corn, beans and squash were called Dakota or life supporters. There were six annual agricultural festivals held each year which were full of prayers of gratitude for their harvest. The women owned and took care of the fields while the men left the village in the fall for the annual hunt, returning about midwinter, with Spring being the fishing season. (Iroquois p. 9). The most interesting aspect of the Iroquois Indian remains their political system. Although the numbers of the Iroquois were not that great, and the enemies they routinely defeated were nearly twice their number, the Iroquois prevailed due to their unity, sense of purpose, and superior political organization. The Europeans actually based their political organizations on those of the Iroquois, which had an elaborate system of checks and balances and supreme law. The Iroquois actually had a Constitution which Was recorded with special beads called wampum which served as money in other cultures. This Constitution presumably took place as early as 1 1 00, with many arguing for August 31, 1142, based on a coinciding solar eclipse. (Crystalline During the time the question of Independence was being debated (1776), the Iroquois Indian Chiefs were formally invited into the meeting hall of Continental Congress. There was a speech delivered in which they were addressed as Brothers, and told of the delegates wish that the friendship between them would continue as long as the sun shall shine and the waters run. The speech went on to express the hope that the Americans and Iroquois would act as one people and have but one heart. (Six Nations p. 3). Again, this shows that the Iroquois partnered with their American counterparts ether than strictly maintaining their own culture.The Plains Cree lived on the northern edge of the Great Plains in what is known as the Park Belt which is commonly recognized as the transitional area between the forests and plains. The earliest sighting of the Cree Indians by the white man occurred roughly in 1 640 by the Jesuits, and the established first period of contact with the whites was be;en 1690 and 1 740 in which they are depicted as a powerful tribe. Contrarily, the Cree Indians were characterized by the Jesuit priests as being of kind, docile disposition, but such more nomadic than the other tribes.They have no fixed abode, no fields, no villages, living upon hunting and a little wild rice which they gather in swampy places. This account by the Jesuits contrasts with other accounts of the Ceres being very aggressive and prone to unprovoked attacks and wars. The Jesuit priests noted that the Cree Indians were notoriously difficult to convert to Christianity as they were very nomadic. Today, the Cree Indians are mostly settled on twenty-four small reserves in Saskatchewan and Alberta, and one reserve in Montana, and number some 200,000. Each band of theCree was headed by a leading chief, who determin ed how cohesive the group was by his strength as a leader. An influential leader attracted more families and held their allegiance better than a weaker man. (Mandela p. 7). The Cree Indians, contrary to the farming Iroquois, depended largely on trapping and hunting buffalo. The Cree carried out their commerce with the Hudson Bay Company, exchanging buffalo hides, furs and pemmican for the items they needed in return. The buffalo hunting is likely what brought the Cree Indians into the plains, and set their migratory path as it coincided with he migration of the buffalo.Unfortunately, in the 1 asss the Canadian government re-engineered over three million acres of Cree Indian land for the construction of a hydroelectric dam. This has literally destroyed much of the Manitoba Cree rivers, leading one of the elders to state that They poured filth over the clean dish I once had (Mandela p. 9). In conclusion, with all the many differences between the two tribes, the Iroquois people, being a much smaller tribe, allowed themselves to be assimilated into the American and Canadian traditions and language, while roving invaluable contributions to our current democratic system.